Blogum scribo
 To all my blessed readers,
May the Lord grant you joy (of the spiritual kind) and bestow rich blessings (again, of the spiritual variety) for your kindness in reading this blog over the last year. I also look forward myself to granting you all the odd blessing here and there over the forthcoming year. There is much for which to be grateful. Amen!
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The Anglo-Saxon Monk wishes his blessed readers a most solemnly joyful Christmas...  Blessing for Christmas Day, from the Anderson Pontifical. © British Library Board. London, British Library, MS Additional 57337 (Canterbury or Winchester, c. 1000), f. 104r. Public Domain: no copyright restrictions. Click on image to go to the source. Blessed ones, I hardly have the time, what with all the other prayers I'll be singing in just a few minutes, but because you are all so beloved, I have rushed off a translation of the Christmas Day blessing from the so-called Anderson Pontifical (above) written about the year 1000. So, please, tomorrow, whether you be stuffing your Christmas bird or stuffing it down your face, whether playing games or engaging in similar, excessively indulgent behaviour, and be you knocking back mead or wine, please note that the Lord has made Christmas a holy day of solemnity. And therefore, at the very least, please make sure you sing the bits of the blessing written in red back to me. Amen, and have a blessed Christmas! MAY THE OMNIPOTENT LORD BLESS YOU, and your purpose may he arouse to the heavens, he who made this most holy day of the birth of his son to be solemn. AMEN Seven more charters from 'the book of Rochester' translated in time for Christmas  1000 smoked herrings distributed to the poor of Rochester. Picture credit: click on image. Blessed ones, I have an early Christmas present for you all. I know, I'm very loveable. Well, to be frank, it's Dr Monk (not quite so endearing) who offers you this gift: seven translations of charters from Textus Roffensis ('the book of Rochester'), that wonderful twelfth-century compilation of legal texts, providing us with rich insights into the lives of the English peoples, from the Anglo-Saxon period to the decades after the Conquest. (That last word always gives me indigestion.) Update 16 Sept 2022. My older translations of texts from Textus Roffensis for Rochester Cathedral have now been reformatted, so they are no longer available as PDFs but are in webpage format. This means they now have new web addresses. Please bear with me as I correct the links. Please check out the Rochester Cathedral Textus Roffensis page for both my older and newer translations. The spiritual life... This time, beloved, we have two records that document how certain individuals found their way into the monastery at Rochester. Let's just say they didn't get in for free.
 An angel clothes the righteous. © British Library Board. London, British Library, MS Additional 18633 (England, 2nd half of 13th century), f. 12r. Public Domain: free from copyright restrictions. Click on image to go to source. Then we have a record that tells us the pounds, shillings and pence collected by Gundulf, bishop of Rochester (1087-1108), for clothing his monks. Very nice man, Gundulf. Building up the spiritual home... We also have two charters documenting various provisions made by Ernulf, a subsequent bishop of Rochester (1114-24), for his wonderful monks. The first is very important for showing how the bishop allocated funds for the building and maintenance of the brothers' home. In other words, how he got the priests in the diocese to cough up. The other charter is indispensable for its insights into the importance of livestock for keeping the blessed brethren going. The gifts of the spirit...  Nice shoes! From the illustrated Prose Life of Cuthbert. © British Library Board. London, British Library, MS Yates Thompson 26 (Durham, last quarter of 12th century), f. 80r. Public Domain: free from copyright restrictions. Click on image to go to source. Following these, we have a later twelfth-century note, a rather testy one, if truth be told, stating how the bishop finances his procurement of clothes, shoes, candles, gifts, and whatnot. We believe you, bishop, we believe you! Giving to others...  Salmon for the brothers! Detail of a leaping salmon. From Gerald of Wales, Topographia Hiberniae. © British Library Board. London, British Library, MS Royal 13 B. viii (Lincoln?, c. 1196-c. 1223), f. 23r. Public Domain: free from copyright restrictions. Click on image to go to source. And finally, blessed ones, we go back to Ernulf and Gundulf for a charter that, in many ways, tells us what this religious life is all about. We learn that the good Ernulf sets up an annual charity in honour of the great Gundulf. So there's a record of alms-giving from various sources, including 1000 herrings (!) donated by the cellarer (one of the chief monks), and eight whole salmon from several of the monastic estates in Kent and beyond. Then we hear of the subsequent distribution to the poor. Ah, that is kindness and godliness to marvel at, is it not? And so inspiring at this time of year. Mind you, best not dwell on the final part of the charter: 'Having acquired bread and herrings, the cellarer himself with the almoner will distribute these very things to the poor on this day. The salmon, however, the brothers will have in the refectory.' Oh, I see.
 A twelfth-century depiction of an abbess praying. The Shaftesbury Psalter. © British Library Board. BL, London, MS Lansdowne 383 (England, 2nd quarter of the 12th century), f. 14v. Image free from copyright restrictions. Click on image to go to the source. Blessed ones, Dr Monk has been a busy bee! He's released his next set of new translations of Textus Roffensis, Britain's 'greatest hidden treasure'. This time we have two charters concerning women living in the Rochester diocese. The first relates the swearing of an oath of fidelity and subjection by Avice, first abbess of Malling, whose life transected the eleventh and twelfth centuries. Find out to whom she swore subjection. The second is about the agreement the Rochester monks made with an unamed widow (she is referred to as the wife of Robert Latimer), who lived around the same time. Find out what she got in return for granting her bequeathed property to the monks of St Andrew's Priory. And, blessed ones, I would love to hear what you think about these medieval women, whether you are surprised in any way, or if it's all pretty much what you expected. So be courageous and leave me a comment. Click on the buttons below to go directly to the translations, published lovingly by Rochester Cathedral Research Guild. Update 16 Sept 2022. My older translations of texts from Textus Roffensis for Rochester Cathedral have now been reformatted, so they are no longer available as PDFs but are in webpage format. This means they now have new web addresses. Please bear with me as I correct the links. Please check out the Rochester Cathedral Textus Roffensis page for both my older and newer translations. The 'Avice, Abbess of Malling' entry now has an excellent discussion by Bishop's Chaplain Lindsay LLewellyn-MacDuff. So it's bonus time! P.S. More translations on their way in a few days.  Twelfth-century depiction of a widow (centre in black) from Bede's Prose Life of St Cuthbert. © British Library Board. London, BL, MS Yates Rhmpson 26 (Durham, last quarter of 12th century), f. 55v. Image free of copyright restrictions. Click on image to go to the source. Welcome back charadees! The Anglo-Saxon Monk returns with his own brand of art history. The Harley Psalter. © British Library Board, London, British Library, Harley MS 603, folio 3v. Click on the image to go to the online facsimile. All images from of the Harley Psalter below are from this source. Blessed ones, I offer you profuse apologies. I have been so neglectful of my spiritual duties. It has been months since we last enjoyed our perusal of the psalms of the Lord by means of the wonderful Harley Psalter. Since I have been so remiss, I had better remind you all of what you need to know to play medieval charades: The eleventh-century Harley Psalter is an English copy of the Carolingian Utrecht Psalter, produced in the ninth century. Each of the Psalms in these great manuscripts is cleverly illustrated by focusing on individual words or phrases that appear in the text. What you see, then, is not narrative art in the traditional sense, where a story unfolds in a series of scenes reminiscent of theatre, such as in the Old English Illustrated Hexateuch (a visual retelling of the first six books of the Bible), or in one of your modern comic strips. Rather, you get to participate in the artist's game of 'which-bit-am-I?'. Thus, the art historian William Noel coined the phrase ‘medieval charades’, because reading the art in these psalters is similar to the way you have to work out the clues in your modern parlour game. Now to play. Just remember, what you're looking for are the clues to words or phrases in the illustrations (I shall put the answers in bold and underline them). And, please, no shouting. It's so unbecoming!  Let us start with an easy clue. Who is the fellow in the sky with a book and a spear? It would have been helpful had the artist remembered his nimbus (halo), as the Utrecht artist did, though even he forgot to put the cross inside it. Nevertheless, you can see that he has no wings, so he's not an angel. You've got it, haven't you? That's right: the Lord. So, who is the other fellow? To be fair, and by way of reminder, usually the psalmist appears in the scene somewhere, and so this is him. But what is he doing? That's the more difficult thing to work out.  Well, clearly he is looking upwards to the Lord. If you look really closely, you may see that he is actually pointing upwards with his right index finger. I think he must be pretty sure that he is addressing the Lord. But why is he in bed? Shouldn't he be prostrating himself, or at least doing a spot of genuflecting? Let's not be too hasty to judge him. The poor fellow is probably not feeling too well. That would explain the bed which, by the way, is rather a smart affair, far more elegant than the Utrecht artist's bed.  The Utrecht Psalter, Utrecht, Universiteitsbibliotheek, MS Bibl. Rhenotraiectinae I Nr 32 (Rheims, c.830), folio 2r. By permission of the Utrecht Library. Click on the image to go to the online facsimile. Image below of the Utrecht Psalter is also from this source. When we look closely at the psalmist, we can see that he is raising part of his garment to his face. Why would he do that? No, it's not because he doesn't want to give the Lord his cold. Don't be silly. Let me give you a clue from the Bayeux Tapestry.  Take a look at Queen Edith at the foot of the bed of her dying husband, King Edward. Note that, like our psalmist, she raises her garment to her face. _-_WGA24166.jpg) Bayeux Tapestry (c.1080). Wikimedia Commons. Public Domain. Click on image for additional information. You've got it, haven't you! Both the queen and our psalmist are shedding tears. And on reflection, the psalmist's outpouring of grief is wholly understandable. Just look at those lumpy bed clothes. Quite awful, really, enough to make any grown man cry, I'd say. So we've got the Lord, bed, and tears. Excellent. What's next?  I think this is probably obvious. A fiery red pit and tormented bodies? Hell, you shout (no shouting, please!). You're right, of course. But we must take a closer look. You need to know what to expect should you not meet with a favourable response on Judgement Day. I must say, the Harley Psalter artist seems rather enthusiastic in his treatment of the damned. Let's start with the tormenters. These four fallen angels are but a shadow of their former selves. We've seen in previous charade games the elegant, classical dress of good angels. Now, for these wicked devils, it seems like they're lucky if they get a raggedy skirt between them. And, if exposed genitalia isn't enough, there seems to have been among Satan's crowd a serious outbreak of chicken-foot. And those hideous snouts are most disturbing. Fancy meeting those in Hell!  It is intriguing, at least to me, blessed ones, that the Harley Psalter artist went out of his way to elaborate upon the scene of Hell in his exemplar. The Utrecht Psalter's scene is almost dull in comparison.  A fevered mind, I suspect is to blame. And an unhealthy obsession with exposed genitalia, as can be seen from his depiction of the souls tormented by those monstrous serpents.  We should move on to our final and most difficult clue.  As you see, on the left, our psalmist makes a second appearance in bed. What do you mean, how do I know it's not someone else? It's the psalmist, I tell you. I don't care if he looks younger and is in a different bed. It's the psalmist, I tell you. This is my game, and I say it's the psalmist. Well, at least it's his soul. And take it from me, his soul is troubled exceedingly. I think his bed is even lumpier than before. Actually, he's troubled by that crowd of spear-wielding, short tunic-wearing fellows to the right. Who wouldn't be? A shifty lot, don't you think? Let's have a closer look at them:  Don't be fooled by the flouncy cloak and snazzy hose! That fellow on the far left is literally pulling his face at the embattled psalmist. Meanie! The fellow next to him is not much better, covering his mouth as he gossips about our bed-ridden one. You've got it now, haven't you? Yes, these are the psalmist's enemies. But they will not win!  Look at them now! Sloping off, covering their faces with their cloaks and hands. No more face pullling. Why it's as if they have been turned back and ashamed very speedily. Yes! You got that, didn't you? No? Well, there's no hope for you, really, there isn't. Alas! Not everyone can be a first rate charadee. But everyone must be a first rate reader of the Psalms. And so, as a sign of penance for your epic failure in today's medieval charades, you should read Psalm 6, all the way through, at least six times (I've lovingly provided it for you below), and please pay extra special attention to the highlighted words that some of us actually managed to work out. May you all be thoroughly blessed. PSALM 6  |